Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease in Adolescents and Adults

Gesmar Volga Haddad Herdy

Abstract

Congenital heart disease affects 1% of live births. These diseases are are divides in two groups : acyanotic and cyanotic and the those of the first group more frequent. Nowadays we have more facilities in diagnostic methods, surgical techniques, interventional cardiology, and perioperative care have led to a substantial increase in survival of patients with congenital heart disease (CHD), resulting in a growing population of adults with congenital heart disease (ACHD). Currently, more than 90% of children born with CHD reach adulthood, creating new clinical challenges related to longterm complications, reinterventions, arrhythmias, heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, and sudden cardiac death. This review aims to describe the most prevalent forms of acyanotic congenital heart disease in adult patients and describe their clinical characteristics, management strategies, complications, and long-term outcomes. The manuscript addresses major acyanotic defects, including bicuspid aortic valve,aoortic stenoosis, atrial and ventricular septal defects, atrioventricular septal defect., coarctation of the aorta. Particular attention is given to the pathophysiology of late complications, indications for surgical or transcatheter interventions, and the role of advanced imaging and lifelong follow-up in specialized centers. The increasing complexity of care in this population underscores the need for multidisciplinary management and structured surveillance programs to reduce morbidity and mortality and to improve quality of life in adults living with congenital heart disease.